South America History Study

The study of south america history

Tuesday, June 20, 2006

Nazca

Nazca文明大约与Moche文明同时期,300 BCE and 800 CE. wikipedia上对其时代,地理位置,pottery, textiles,以及和Moche文化的关系有较为详细地介绍。不再冗述。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ica-Nazca_culture

顶着一个热爱幻想的脑子和猎奇心理,发现Nazca Lines是一个很有意思的东西。

先是wikipedia的介绍:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_lines

然后是某一个网站:http://www.crystalinks.com/nazca.html

非常美妙。

随着google map卫星地图的更新,我浪费了整整三个半小时的时间,试图在大家都能接触到的卫星图上找到标志性的Nazca Lines。Google的图解析度还是不高,所以我只找到两个展翅飞翔的鸟,尽管也不是很清晰。大家可以对比上面两个链接中给的图案,也可以自己试试,看看能不能再google map上找到其他的图案。





有人说这些图案是古Nazca人飞行的证据,因为这样的图案只有在高空中看才能发现。

这多少让喜欢科幻的人很着迷。
看看这个图形,多么像飞机的侧面像,除了头是方的。

但是大家注意这个图还有一个奇怪的地方,就是“飞机”的头部有一个眼睛!这也许说明这样飞翔的庞然大物(用于用google map就可以看出这幅图比上面两个图大得多)其实是某种生物。这样形状,而且有眼睛的图形在Nazca高地上出现了很多:

1)背后一个身形稍小的飞行生物:

2)更小一些类似于幼体的东西:

(从google map上你可以很容易得找到这些图案,并且对比他们的大小)

3)双头的飞行物,注意这种生物其实是有“须”的!虽然须的形态各不相同,但基本上都是在头部的下方有一个细的直线。

4)飞行的证据:两个飞行物的相撞。注意到相撞画面所表现出来的火花飞溅的感觉,而不是血液飞溅的液体感觉,这种飞行物也许带有一定的金属性(人造?)。


好,胡诌就到此结束了。飞行物的设想基本上是个人瞎想,不个这些图片都是真的,大家可以自己找找看,看看有什么看法。

Saturday, February 25, 2006

Moche

There are not many interesting things about Moche.

from wikipedia

The Moche civilization flourished in northern Peru from about 200 CE to 700 CD. Years as expansive as 300 BCE to 1000 CE are sometimes described as the era of the Moche.

Pottery of Moche:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Moche_pottery01.jpg
Moche pottery is some of the most varied in the world. They used molds in order to mass produce huge quantities of it. But despite this, they had a large variation in shape and theme. Virtually all vegetables and important activities are documented in their pottery, including war, sex, metal work, and weaving.
They also seemed to be obsessed with individuality. Every one of the 100,000,000 bricks in the Huaca del Sol had a maker's mark. (太强了,一亿块砖!) Important persons would have vases made to resemble their heads. The portrait vases also show the personality of the subject: some are shown laughing, others in deep thought, others angry, etc.

Religion:
Moche worship featured a figure called the decapitador, mostly depicted as a spider, but also depicted as a winged creature or a sea monster. When the body is included it is always shown with one arm holding a knife and another holding a head by its hair. (恐怖)

Demise:
Studies of ice cores drilled from glaciers in the Andes reveal climatic catastophe between 550 to 600 CE when it is thought that coastal areas were hit by 30 years of floods and rain (Mega El Niño), which were then followed by 30 or more years of drought. Recent evidence uncovered by American Archeologist Tom Dillehay has shown that Moche civilization survived beyond 650 CE and later settlements are characterised by fortifications and defensive works. Finding no evidence of foreign invasion, this suggests that a period of unrest followed the climatic changes as the Moche civilization tore itself apart.

Interactions with other culture:
The Moche was an Early Intermediate culture that co-existed with the Ica-Nazca culture(我们应该也看看这个文明). They were preceded by the Chavín horizon and succeeded by the Huari and Chimú. They are thought to have had some limited contact with the Ica-Nazca culture because they mined Guano for fertilizer in Ica-Nazca territory. Moche pottery has been found near Ica, but no Ica-Nasca pottery has been found in Moche territory.

后话:
Mochica was the language spoken in the area when the Conquistadors arrived, but there is no indication that this was the language spoken by the Moche, so scientists still call them the Moche after the location of the primary archaeological site. There is some evidence they were the same people as the later culture known as Chimú.

Huaca del Sol:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Huaca_del_Sol_southeast.jpg
The Huaca del Sol is an adobe brick temple built by the Moche civilization on the coast of what is now Peru. The temple is one of several ruins found near the peak of Cerro Blanco, in the coastal desert near Trujillo, Peru.
The number of different maker’s marks on the bricks suggests that over a hundred different communities contributed bricks to the construction of the Huacas.
The Huaca del Sol was composed of four main levels.

Lord of Sipan:
http://agutie.homestead.com/files/Sipan.htm

The Lord of Sipan was revealed to the world in 1987. He reigned approximately 200 A.D. and died about 40 years of age. Sipan is located in the northern part of Peru, close to the coast, in the middle of Lambayeque Valley, 35 Kms. at east of Chiclayo.
Four tombs have been found in Sipan's Huaca Rajada, the huaca is a mausoleum built by the Moche culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru from the time of Christ to 700 AD, centuries prior to the Incas.
It has been dubbed “The Golden Wonder” by Times magazine, and National Geographic has published an article named “Discovering the Richest Tomb in the New World”. It represents, without a doubt, the most important archaeological finding of recent times, and the collection has traveled throughout the world in a series of impressive expos in Europe, the USA and Japan.

Spiderman:
One of the most spectacular items found in the tomb of the "Old Lord of Sipan" was a necklace composed of ten gold beads, each depicting a spider in the center of its web with a body in the form of a human head.

总体来说Moche文明可以用来作为写玄幻小说的背景,王国里的人都极度个人化,一个半人半神的load of Sipan,宏伟无比的四层神庙,Warrior,Spiderman,由于天灾,60年无尽的灾难与生灵涂炭,60年结束,残余的人民继续互相抢夺厮杀,最终文明灭绝。许许多多年后,现代的人类还能发现讲着不同语言,却与古Moche人有着若有若无联系的少数人。

Monday, February 20, 2006

Chavin

Chavín culture
from wikipedia

The Chavín were an early civilization that existed in what is now the country of Peru. This Early Horizon civilization is believed to have developed around 900 BCE and died out around 200 BCE. The Chavíns laid the cultural foundation for the other Peruvian civilizations to come.

Archaeological artifacts from the Chavín period include textiles, metalwork, pottery and religious items. The most well-known archaeological ruin of the Chavín era is Chavin de Huantar, located in the Andean highlands north of Lima. It is believed to have been built around 900 BCE.

Achievements
Chavín metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control methods were advanced for their time. They also had a knowledge of textiles that allowed them to revolutionize cloth production.

The Chavín established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE, according to some estimates and archeological finds. No form of writing has been discovered, however.

Art
The Chavin culture represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes. Chavin art can be divided into two phases: The first phase corresponding to the construction of the "Old Temple" at Chavin de Huantar (c. 900-500 BCE); and the second phase corresponding to the construction of Chavin de Huantar's "New Temple" (c. 500-200 BCE).

(here're some pictures about the Chavin de Huantar http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chavin/chavin-huantar.htm)

Stylistically, Chavin art forms make extensive use of the technique of contour rivalry. The art is intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, since it was intended only to be read by high priests of the Chavin cult who could understand the intricately complex and sacred designs, and thus their power. The Raimondi Stela is one of the major examples of this technique.

Religion
Chavíns had some sort of religious belief, supported by the many religious artifacts have been excavated. They may have used hallucinogens because small mortars, possibly used to grind vilca (a hallucinogenic snuff), have been uncovered, along with bone tubes and spoons decorated with wild animals which we associate with shamanistic transformations.

The Chavín cult promoted fertility and abundant harvests. The deities were represented in stone carvings as features of humans and wild animals such as jaguars, hawks, eagles, and snakes. Its role in politics was extremely significant. Chavin cult first stimulated the use of techniques of producing elaborate cotton textiles, the manufacture of large, light, and strong fishing nets from cotton string, and the discovery of techniques of gold, silver, and copper metallurgy. These economic advancements led to the building of ceremonial centers and cities. It is possible that priests were part of the Chavin cult. However, priestly classes probably were not present, since complex societies and cities began to arrive only after the disappearance of the Chavín. The Chavín may have sacrificed animals and such to please the gods for abundance in harvest.

Sunday, January 22, 2006

About Pyramids in Caral

First City in the New World?
from http://archaeology.about.com/

Peru's Caral suggests civilization emerged in the Americas 1,000 years earlier than experts believed

Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. Dunelike and immense, they appear to be nature's handiwork, forlorn outposts in an arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the folds of the Andean Cordillera. But looks deceive. These are human-made pyramids, and compelling new evidence indicates they are the remains of a city that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it would be the oldest urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in all the world.

Research developed by Peruvian archaeologist Ruth Shady Solís of San Marcos University suggests that Caral, as the 150-acre complex of pyramids, plazas and residential buildings is known, was a thriving metropolis as Egypt's great pyramids were being built. The energetic archaeologist believes that Caral may also answer nagging questions about the long-mysterious origins of the Inca. Caral may even hold a key to the origins of civilizations everywhere.

What has amazed archaeologists is not just the age but the complexity and scope of Caral. Pirámide Mayor alone covers an area nearly the size of four football fields and is 60 feet tall. Inside a large sunken amphitheater, which could have held many hundreds of people during civic or religious events, Shady's team found 32 flutes made of pelican and condor bones and 37 cornets of deer and llama bones. "Clearly, music played an important role in their society," says Shady.

Eventually Caral would spawn 17 other pyramid complexes scattered across the 35-square-mile area of the Supe Valley. But based on Caral's size and scope, Shady believes that it is indeed the mother city of the Incan civilization.


Monday, January 16, 2006

Caral Civilization




The Caral civilization is the earliest discovered civilizations of the new world, located as several towns on the coast of Peru. It is also called the Caral-Supe Civilization.

The wikipedia quotes:

Caral was inhabited between roughly 3000 BC and 1600 BC, enclosing an area of 66
hectares. Caral is the oldest known urban center in the Americas, accommodating
more than 3,000 inhabitants. Caral is the center of the Caral Supe Civilization,
spread over several settlements along the Peruvian coast. A quipu was discovered below the
steps to one of the pyramids, dated to an age of roughly 5000 years, fixing the
earliest date of this tradition of written communication 2000 years earlier than
was previously thought.

我想这里比较有趣的应该是两件事quipu和pyramids,pyramids找到不错的一篇文章,不翻译了,贴在下一个帖子里。

关于quipu的资料来自于wikipedia:

所谓quipu,就是传说中的结绳记事,当然是特指古印加帝国结绳记事。

图片参看http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Quipu.png

这种quipu最主要的用途是用来计数,类似于会计之类的人在用,有的也用来记录自己有多少牲畜。采用十进制,很令人赞赏的是他们采用了位置制,也就是把一个数字放在另一个的前边表示单位是后者的十倍,并不是每一个文化的最初的数学都采用这种方便的方法的。记录也很简单,除个位以外,其他每个分支上绑了几个结,就表示那一位上是几,没有结就表示0。个位的绑法特殊以便与标示这是数字的终结。换句话说一根绳子上可以有很多数字。通常在最后还有一个数字是前面数字之和,用来核对(这也是为什么现代人能够解读这些数字的原因之一)。

除此以外,有部分学者认为quipu除了计数以外还有语言的功能。他们很强的一个信念就是:作为高度发达的古文明,他们有着高度发达的语言Quechua,为什么没有任何留下来的文字资料呢。经过研究,有学者认为quipu确实可以表示一定的单词,比如有很多时候绳子的开始是牲畜主人的名字(或代码)。当然具体怎么回事还在研究中。如果真的可以表示语言,那就很有趣了,一个使用和数字同样方法来记录故事的文字,古老的密码。

Friday, January 13, 2006

Inca Empire

Timeline of Peruvian history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

History of Peru--Timeline :
Ancient Peru
Caral
Chavin
Moche
Wari
Inca Empire
Colonial Peru
The Conquerors
Viceroyalty of Peru
Republic of Peru
Independence
Peru-Bolivian Confederacy
War of the Pacific

Ancient Peru:
3000 BC - 1600 BC: Caral
900 BC - 200 BC: Chavín
300 BC - AD 1480 Moche, Chimu
300 - 1100 Tiwanaku
500 - 1200 Huari
1438 - 1572: Inca Empire
Colonial Preu:
1532 - 1572: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
1542 - 1821: Viceroyalty of Peru
Republic of Peru:
1836 - 1839: Peru-Bolivian Confederacy
1879 - 1884: War of the Pacific



The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantin suyu1; The Four United Regions2), was an empire centered in what is now Peru from AD 1438 to AD 1533. Over that period, the Inca used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate in their empire a large portion of western South America, centred on the Andean mountain ranges. The Inca empire proved short-lived: by AD 1533, Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, called a Sapa Inca, was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, marking the beginning of Spanish rule.

The empire was divided into four suyus, whose corners - according to Inca mythology - met at the "Navel of the World" (Qusqu), where their capital Cusco was located, now in modern-day Peru.

The official language of the empire was Quechua, although over seven hundred local languages were spoken. The Inca leadership encouraged the worship of their gods, the foremost of which was Inti, the sun god.

也就是说,印加帝国在南美历史上仅仅存在了95年,可是却创造了灿烂的印加文明:发达的道路系统,被成为“新世界的罗马”;巨石建筑,拼合紧密的石块间几乎没有空隙;建造梯田,并建立起庞大的水利系统。。。。除有形的文化标志物以外,印加人在文化方面也取得了卓越的成就,他们最早推广“普通话”--克丘亚语。但至今还没有有力证据说明印加人懂得使用文字,他们使用的还是结绳记事。印加人在天文历法方面也没有得到长足的发展。

The Amazon Basin

Wednesday, January 11, 2006

Amazon

All the events and periods discusses in this article and the following few articles belong to the Pre-Columbian era, until I move over this period.

Here goes the wikipedia quote about Amazon, as usual:

Amazon
Some 5 to 7 million people lived in the Amazon region, divided
between comparatively dense coastal settlements and more nomadic inland
dwellers. The latter lived on a complex combination of swiddlen agriculture,
alteration of the forest ecosystem, and hunting and gathering.[1]

The question is:

1) which part of the continent is called Amazon region specificly?

2)When did this happen?

3)Any pictures of any things from this period?

To be continued...

reminder of the previous post about time:

Humans moved to America 10,000 years BCE. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continent. By the first millennium CE, South America’s vast rainforests, mountains, plains, mountain and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people.